大花序桉种源/家系试验的早期研究

运用方差分析和聚类分析方法对建立在广西玉林市林科所和广西钦廉林场2.5年生大花序桉种源/家系试验林的生长量进行了分析研究,发现这2个试验点大花序桉的树高、胸径、单株材积等生长性状无论在种源间,还是家系间均存在显著差异;种源的树高生长与地点有明显的交互作用,而胸径、单株材积与地点的交互作用则不显著;家系的树高、胸径、单株材积生长与地点的交互作用显著;种源的生长表现与原产地地理位置无显著相关关系;同时初步选择了各自表现好的优良种源与家系。     

不同种源华山松花粉形态变异与生活力分析

【目的】研究不同种源和不同无性系华山松花粉形态的区别,以及不同贮藏条件下花粉生活力的差异。【方法】以6个种源18个无性系的华山松花粉为试材,对其花粉全长、体长、体高及气囊的长、宽、高等形态指标进行测量与分析,同时利用染色法对室温及4,-20℃下贮藏0,10,20,30和90 d的华山松花粉生活力进行测定。【结果】花粉形态大小在不同种源和无性系间均存在极显著差异(P0.01),对于不同种源,花粉全长、体高、体长均以楚雄紫溪山种源最高,昆明宜良种源最低;气囊长、宽、高均以大理巍山种源最高,保山腾冲种源最低。对于不同无性系,花粉全长以楚雄紫溪山93号无性系最大((63.09±10.95)μm);花粉体高以昆明宜良96号无性系最大((45.06±7.06)μm);花粉体长以楚雄紫溪山74号无性系最大((49.73±8.98)μm);花粉气囊的长度以大理巍山46号无性系最大((50.34±7.34)μm),气囊的宽度、高度均以大理巍山50号无性系最大((26.02±4.93)和(30.07±5.13)μm)。不同种源间,以楚雄紫溪山种源花粉形态各指标的平均变异系数最大(17.32%),昆明宜良的变异系数最小(14.65%);在花粉各形态指标中,以气囊高变异系数最大(19.15%),花粉全长变异系数最小(13.70%)。当贮藏时间为0 d时,不同种源和无性系华山松鲜花粉生活力均保持在90%以上,贮藏温度为-20℃时花粉能保持较高的生活力,贮藏90 d时花粉活力明显低于贮藏10 d时,但仍均保持在50%以上。【结论】种源及无性系的不同对华山松花粉的形态变异存在一定程度影响;-20℃为华山松花粉最适贮藏温度,花粉生活力随贮藏时间的增加而下降,但其耐贮藏性较好。     

朝鲜黄杨种源试验苗期效果初报

利用引进的锦州、沈阳、大连、鞍山4个产地朝鲜黄杨(Buxus microphylla var.koreana)种源进行播种试验,对幼苗出苗率、保存率、苗高、地径、分枝数、冠幅调查测量。结果表明:4个种源的出苗率、当年苗高、分枝数、冠幅均存在显著差异,地径差异不显著。沈阳种源播种出苗率最高,为75.48%;沈阳、大连种源当年苗高14.53 cm、14.08 cm,分枝数9.43条、9.21条,冠幅12.02 cm、10.00 cm,显著高于鞍山、锦州种源;苗木越冬保存率均在90%以上。沈阳种源表现最好。鞍山和锦州种源表现较差。     

帽儿山地区脂松种源试验林生长指标分析

引进优良的外来树种可以丰富本国或本地区林业建设的树种资源,增加木材产量和林产品的种类。通过对引进的美国东部7个脂松种源进行试验,得出更适宜栽植区的种源。在树高方面,较好的4个种源依次为MIDC(Dickenson County,Michigan)、MNCNF(Chippewa National Forest,Minnesota)、MIMC(Manistee County,Michigan)和WIOC(Oneida County,Wisconsin);2004年高生长较好的4个种源依次为WIOC、MIDC、MIMC和MNCNF;2005年高生长较好的4个种源依次为MIDC、MIMC、MNCNF和WIOC;地径较好的4个种源依次为MIDC、WIOC、MIMC、MNCNF。该4个种源间各项生长指标差异不显著;在保存率方面,7个种源间差异不明显。     

不同种源/家系的细叶桉苗期叶脉密度比较

本文以3个种源、14个家系的细叶桉苗木为试验材料，研究了其种源、家系叶脉密度的差异以及各级叶脉密度之间的相关性。结果表明：种源间总叶脉密度和次级叶脉密度的差异极显著，2°主叶脉密度差异不显著，次级叶脉密度与总叶脉密度的比值在88.07%以上；种源地 China Dongmen 家系间的总叶脉密度、次级叶脉密度、2°主叶脉密度之间差异极显著，2°主叶脉密度与次级叶脉密度和总叶脉密度呈极显著负相关，次级叶脉密度与总叶脉密度呈极显著正相关；其他种源内家系间叶脉密度的差异较小。     

Tolerance of barley seed germination to cold- and drought-stress expressed as seed vigour

In barley, high seed vigour is a precondition for rapid and homogenous field emergence and good malting quality. Seed vigour was defined as germination percentage under stress conditions (10°C, drought stress ‐ 2 Bars) in 7‐8 barley varieties grown in 7‐8 locations in the Czech Republic over 7 years. Three of the 7 years were not suitable for high seed quality, probably because of unsuitable weather, as average seed vigour reached only 61, 77 and 86%, respectively. In the remaining 4 years, the average vigour exceeded 94%. The impact of variety on seed vigour was higher in the ‘bad years’ and the impact of location was higher in the other years. Varieties with higher vigour from all locations in the ‘bad years’ were identified. Lower vigour was related to the high occurrence of fungi (indicated by ergosterol assays) and to lower field emergence rates of seed samples. The results support the possibility of selecting for improvement of barley seed vigour, which is related to tolerance to various conditions during emergence and to homogenous malting.     

First data on the coastal dynamics and the sedimentary characteristics of the area influenced by the River Irminio basin (SE Sicily)

The various lithological outcrops in the drainage basin of the River Irminio are described for their contribution to the riverborne material and therefore to the sedimentary balance of the coastal strip. The main contribution to the present sedimentary balance of the subaqueous delta cannot be attributed to the River Irminio, owing to the extreme difference between fluvial and marine sediments. The river's hydraulic characteristics have not always been constant but have tended to decrease in three stages: the first, with a strong competence, shown by the Quaternary alluvial sediments with pebbles; the second, up to 1985, of medium competence, shown by sandy-gravelly deposits in the coastal strip and by finer sediments in the distal areas; the third, at the present day, with low competence, shown by a prevalently suspended load sediment with practically no fluvial influence and with a sedimentation dominated by the littoral currents; this is because between the 1960s and 1970s, owing to interventions along the river channel, the sediments from the basin were reduced to the point of non-existence and a new sedimentary cycle was set up on the delta with allochthonous sediments, exclusively made up of quartz clasts, whereas in the distal zones the mineralogical and compositional characteristics of the ancient river mouth were maintained.     

Partitioning characteristics of PAHs between sediment and water in a shallow lake

Goal, Scope and Background

Distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants in abiotic compartments is essential for describing their transfer and fate in aquatic ecosystems. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. Water quality of Taihu Lake has deteriorated greatly during the last decades and has threatened the water supply. The aim of the present study was to investigate the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among overlying water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments, and pore water in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and to provide useful information for the ecological engineering in this area.

Materials and Methods

Overlying water and surface sediment were sampled from six sites in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Within 72 h of sampling, sediments were centrifuged to obtain the pore water. Overlying water samples were filtered to separate dissolved and SPM samples. After extraction, samples were purified following a clean-up procedure. PAH fraction was obtained by elution with a mixture of hexane: DCM (7:3, V/V) and analyzed by GC/MS.

Results

PAHs concentrations in overlying water varied from 37.5 ng/L to 183.5 ng/L. Concentrations of PAHs in pore water were higher than those in overlying water. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in sediments ranged from 2091.8 ng/g-dw to 4094.4 ng/g-dw. PAHs concentrations on SPM were decreased with suspended solid concentrations (SSC). Total PAHs concentrations on SPM varied in the range of 3369.6 ng/g-dw to 7531.1 ng/g-dw. The partition coefficients between sediment and overlying water (log K _oc) for PAHs with log K _ow<5 were positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow) (n=39, r=0.79, p<0.0001). Partition coefficients between sediment and pore water (log K _oc′) for all PAHs were also significantly correlated with their log K _ow values (n=48, r=0.82, p<0.0001).

Discussion

In general, PAHs derived from combustion sources tend to bind strongly to soot particles in natural sediment. Consequentially, K _oc values observed in the natural environment could be orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by linear correlation relationships under laboratory conditions. In the present study, the ratio of log K _oc values to log K _ow values falls consistently above 1, indicating that the sediment soot carbon in the bay was more attractive for PAHs than n-octanol. The log K _oc′ was also higher than that predicted under laboratory conditions, suggesting that the measured pore water PAH concentrations were lower than those predicted. That is to say, not all the sediment PAHs can be available to partition rapidly into sediment pore waters. A variation in soot content is a possible reason. Furthermore, concentrations of PAHs on SPM were higher than those in sediments. The compositions of PAHs on SPM and in sediments were similar, indicating the importance of re-suspension process of sediments in the partitioning process of the shallow lake.

Conclusions

The results indicated the equilibrium partitioning model could be used to predict PAHs distribution in various phases of a shallow lake in the stagnation period, but re-suspension processes should be considered to modify the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows.

Recommendations and Perspectives

Concentration, particle size and composition of resuspended particles could affect the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows. Further work should be done under field conditions, especially where a steady thermodynamic equilibrium state could be assumed.

     

Metal uptake in maize, willows and poplars on impoldered and freshwater tidal marshes in the Scheldt estuary

Foliar Cd and Zn concentrations in Salix, Populus and Zea mays grown on freshwater tidal marshes were assessed. Soil metal concentrations were elevated, averaging 9.7 mg Cd kg^?1 dry soil, 1100 mg Zn kg^?1 dry soil and 152 mg Cr kg^?1 dry soil. Cd (1.1–13.7 mg kg^?1) and Zn (192–1140 mg kg^?1) concentrations in willows and poplars were markedly higher than in maize on impoldered tidal marshes (0.8–4.8 mg Cd kg^?1 and 155–255 mg Zn kg^?1). Foliar samples of maize were collected on 90 plots on alluvial and sediment‐derived soils with variable degree of soil pollution. For soil Cd concentrations exceeding 7 mg Cd kg^?1 dry soil, there was a 50% probability that maize leaf concentrations exceeded public health standards for animal fodder. It was shown that analysis of foliar samples of maize taken in August can be used to predict foliar metal concentrations at harvest. These findings can therefore contribute to anticipating potential hazards arising from maize cultivation on soils with elevated metal contents.     

Harmonisation, standardisation for soil and sediment fractionation studies, and usefulness in assessment and risk management

Single and sequential extraction procedures are often used to study the environmental fate of trace elements from soils and sediments. Although these schemes are quite popular, they are prone to various sources of errors, which require them to be thoroughly controlled. Owing to their operationally-defined character, the only way to compare analytical data is to stick closely to procedures that have been collaboratively studied and written in the form of an operating protocol. Groups of scientists have hence developed ‘harmonised’ procedures that are used as a reference for fractionation studies. A higher level is the formal standardisation of the procedures by official standardisation bodies, which also fulfils the need for achieving the comparability of data obtained by different laboratories from different countries. This paper discusses aspects of harmonisation (consensus obtained by groups of scientists) and standardisation (adoption of standards as mandated by an international organisation) as applied to single and extraction schemes for trace element fractionation studies, including quality control aspects.